These initiatives — one of which would subject girls from kindergarten through grade 12 to “sex verification” if they want to play sports — are among seven measures in five states, including Colorado, Arizona, Nebraska, and Missouri as well as Washington, that are expected to go before voters in November.

The concerted and widespread use of ballot initiatives to directly enact discriminatory policies is a historic first for the anti-trans movement. The tactic has been used before against queer people, in right-wing activists’ drive a generation ago to block marriage equality, which produced a string of short-term setbacks.